Geostatistical monitoring of soil salinity in Uzbekistan by repeated EMI surveys

Abstract

Soil salinization in the lower reaches of Amudarya is a constant threat. High seepage losses in irrigation water delivery network and deteriorated drainage network result in rising groundwater tables. The shallowgroundwater table contributes to salinization of the rooting zone which is tackled by leaching at the end or beginning of the vegetation season. However, there is growing concern that the efficiency of the leaching with application of high amounts of water is low, and besides that the leaching effects are not long-lasting. Tomonitor local soil salinity an efficient strategy is developed, using electromagnetic induction (EMI) meter measurements. The monitoring strategy is applied and evaluated in a case study in Uzbekistan. The study area of 80 ha was surveyed in 2008–2011, at the end of the vegetation season (October–November), with the EMI in vertical dipole mode. In addition, at 142 calibration locations (including 28 revisited) both EMI was recorded and the soil was sampled to determine electrical conductivity (ECe) in laboratory. Log-transformed values of EMI and ECe were used to fit a simple linear regression model. Maps of ECe at the four time points were obtained by simulating multiple maps of log(EMI) using the ordinary krigingmodel. Besides,multiple vectors of regression coefficientswere simulated, which were used to transformthe simulated log(EMI)maps. Finally, simulatedmaps of regression residuals were added to the transformed log(EMI) fields, and backtransformed. Besidesmaps with predicted ECe the simulationswere used to derivemaps of the probability that ECe exceeds the critical threshold of 8 dSm−1, and a map of the predicted linear temporal trend in ECe. The results show that in 2008–2011 most of the area was not saline,with only several spots reaching a predicted ECe of 6 dSm−1. The probabilities that ECe exceeds the critical threshold of 8 dSm−1were small, and the predicted percentage of the areawhere ECe exceeds this thresholdwas verysmall. Atmost places a slight positive linear trend in ECewas predicted, but this predicted local trendwas not significant at most places. Two areas of concern could be distinguished. First, spots occur displaying pronounced fluctuations in salinity from year to year with peaks close to the critical threshold, suggesting that these areas might be prone to soil salinization over short periods of time. Second, in the central part of the area a gradual build-up of soil salinity was seen, which calls for interventions to halt or reverse the build-up.