Outcome and Impact Studies
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- CRP-GLDC Annual Report 2020Date: 2020-04-30Type: Internal ReportStatus: Open accessThe CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP-GLDC) is an international consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and implemented by CGIAR, and non-CGIAR international research partners, NGO`s and NARES. This consortium strives to support beneficiaries in 13 priority countries in South Asia (SA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with a mission of improving rural livelihoods and nutrition by prioritizing demand-driven innovation to increase production and market opportunities along value chains. The CRP-GLDC envisions to increase productivity, profitability, resilience and marketability of critical and nutritious crops grown in the semi-arid and sub-humid dryland agroecologies of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA) where poverty, malnutrition, climate change and soil degradation are most acute. Improved innovation capacities within agri-food systems of these crops are expected to enable coherent and integrated research and development, production, and market and policy reforms to contribute towards resilience, inclusion, poverty reduction, nutritional security, environmental sustainability and economic growth. This report presents the results of the CRP for the year 2020.
- Evaluación del impacto en la producción y análisis de adopción tecnológica de la tecnología de Cámara térmica”Author(s): Rivera, Tatiana; Pardo Garcia, Juan; Montoya, Juan; Antonio Labarta, Ricardo; Cuellar, Wilmer (International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT))Date: 2020-03-06Type: ReportStatus: Limited accessEste reporte presenta los resultados de la evaluación ex -ante del impacto económico asociado a la instalación de una cámara térmica para la multiplicación de cormos de plátano de alta calidad en el municipio de Caicedonia, Valle del Cauca. Utilizando los métodos de análisis de presupuestos parciales y el del modelo de excedentes económicos, los resultados indican quela adopción de los cormos obtenida por multiplicación en cámara térmica en sustitución de los cormos tradicionales para la siembra de plátano,sería rentable para los productoresde la región.Estos resultadosson consistentes en varios escenariosdel análisis de sensibilidad. El análisis económico también indica que la tecnología será rentable para la sociedad, siempre y cuando se alcancen rendimientos superiores a 16,2ton/ha/año.
- 2020 CRP RTB Carry-Over MilestonesAuthor(s): Paredes, Diego (International Potato Center (CIP))Date: 2021-01-25Type: DatasetStatus: Open accessThe list of milestones presented are results not accomplished in previous year and carry-over to 2021.
- RTB Milestones Table for 2021 Planning ProcessAuthor(s): Paredes, Diego (International Potato Center (CIP))Date: 2020-09-10Type: Internal ReportStatus: Open accessRTB Milestones Table for 2021 Planning Process
- Modeling Producer Responses with Dynamic Programming: A Case for Adaptive Crop ManagementAuthor(s): Boussios, David; Preckel, Paul V.; Yigezu, Yigezu; Dixit, Prakash; Akroush, Samia; M'hamed, Hatem Cheikh; Annabi, Mohamed; Aw-Hassan, Aden A.; Shakhatreh, Yahya; Hadi, Omar Abed; Al-Abdallat, Ayed; Abu Elenein, Jamal; Ayad, Jamal Yousef (Wiley (12 months), 2019-01-01)Date: 2018-10-08Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Timeless limited accessPast research found agricultural producers’ conditional responses during the growing season are important adaptations to weather and other stochastic events. Failing to recognize these responses overstates the risks confronting producers and understates their ability to respond to adverse circumstances. Dynamic programming (DP) provides a means for determining optimal long‐term crop management plans. However, most applications in the literature base their analysis on annual time steps with fixed strategies within the year, effectively ignoring conditional responses during the year. We suggest an alternative approach that captures the strategic responses within a cropping season to random weather variables as they unfold, reflecting farmers’ ability to adapt to weather realizations. We illustrate our approach by applying it to a typical cereal farm in Karak, Jordan. The results show that including conditional within‐year responses to weather reduces the frequency of fallowing by 23% and increases expected income by 9%.
- Adoption and impacts of improved varieties and seed demand analysisAuthor(s): Yigezu, Yigezu; Boughlala, Mohamed; Al-Shater, Tamer (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2018-02-28)Date: 2018-02-28Type: Book ChapterStatus: Open accessThere is very limited information about the national level adoption of improved wheat varieties in Morocco. With the exception of some estimates based on secondary data, the same is true for household, regional and national level seed use. Using a nationally representative sample of 1,230 farm households from 21 provinces distributed across 56 districts and 292 villages and a variety of methods including descriptive statistics, the Heckman selection model, duration analysis, propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression, this study attempted to provide: 1) accurate estimates of current national and provincial adoption levels of improved varieties with special attention to their release date; 2) analysis of factors influencing the decision and speed of adoption of improved wheat varieties; 3) estimates of impacts on livelihoods indicators particularly yield, wheat net income and wheat consumption; and 4) estimation of farm, provincial and national level seed demand.
- CGIAR Outcome/ Impact Case Study TemplateDate: 2016-12-31Type: TemplateStatus: Open accessCGIAR Outcome/ Impact Case Study Template
- Adoption and Impacts of Improved Wheat Varieties in MoroccoAuthor(s): ICARDA, Communication Team (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA))Date: 2017-01-15Type: Internal ReportStatus: Open accessThis paper aims at providing credible evidence for the current levels of adoption of improved wheat varieties and their impacts. The paper also provides evidence on farmer utilization of seeds and evaluates the validity of the blame on access to seed as the most important factor constraining wider adoption and impacts of more recently released wheat varieties in Morocco.
- Impact of ICARDA Research on Australian AgricultureAuthor(s): Brennan, John; Aw-Hassan, Aden A.; Quade, Kate; Nordblom, Tom (NSW Agriculture)Date: 2002-01-31Type: Internal ReportStatus: Open accessThe project, “Impact of ICARDA Research on Australian Agriculture”, was developed with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and NSW Agriculture. The aim of the project was to investigate and document the impact of ICARDA’s plant genetic research on Australian agricultural productivity and to evaluate those gains in relation to the world market price impacts of ICARDA’s research.
- Identification of strategies to improve goat marketing in the lowlands of Ethiopia: a hedonic price analysisAuthor(s): Yitayew, Asresu; Yigezu, Yigezu; Kassie, Girma; Deneke, Tilaye; Haile, Aynalem; Hassen, Halima; Rischkowsky, Barbara (Taylor & Francis (Routledge) (STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles), 2019-01-01)Date: 2018-07-11Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Timeless limited accessThis article aims at identifying factors that determine market prices of goats and analyse potential mechanisms by which smallholder goat producers could maximize their benefits. Data on 357 farm households and 2103 goat transactions were collected in three major goat markets in the lowlands of Ethiopia. Hedonic price models adjusted for heteroscedasticity were employed to analyse the observed price data. Model results showed the relative importance of different factors in determining goat prices. Animal attributes including age, sex, live weight, body condition and presence of horn as well as types of buyer and market outlet targeted and time of selling were found to be important. Particularly, goats marketed during festive periods where demand for meat increases (e.g. Ethiopian New Year) command higher prices. These results imply that interventions such as systematic selection schemes targeting traits demanded by the market, improved linkages to markets, easy access to market information systems and creating conducive environment including incentive mechanisms can enhance smallholder farmers’ and pastoralists’ ability to take advantage of seasonal and spatial price changes and become market responsive with effective marketing strategies. Such changes can be potent in improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and pastoralists.
- Towards Appraising the Impact of Legume ResearchAuthor(s): ISPC, Secretariat; SPIA, Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC))Date: 2014-08-31Type: BriefStatus: Open accessThis Impact Brief (No 44) is based on the Legumes Synthesis Report that documents the most important cases of farmers adopting new varieties, and the economic, social and environmental impacts of legume technologies developed by CGIAR in collaboration with national agricultural research system (NARS) partners. It reviews research results from over 30 adoption surveys conducted in more than 20 developing countries (primarily the Diffusion and Impact of Improved Varieties in Africa i.e DIIVA study data), which provide evidence that farmers are growing improved legume varieties in many regions. This was one in a series of ex post impact assessments of CGIAR research that examined thematic areas which, up to 2010, had not been properly evaluated but for which anecdotal evidence suggested considerable impact.
- Bio-economic analysis of dual-purpose management of winter cereals in high and low input production systemsAuthor(s): Ates, Serkan; Cicek, Harun; Gultekin, Irfan; Yigezu, Yigezu; Keser, Mesut; Filley, Shelby (Elsevier)Date: 2018-08-17Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Timeless limited accessDual-purpose (DP) management of cereals holds promise to reduce the feed gap and to better integrate crop and livestock systems especially in drylands where forage deficit is severe. However, there is limited information on which cereal species and type of management would be most optimal for both forage and grain production in dry highland environments. A two-year field study (2013–2015) in the Central Anatolian plateau of Turkey investigated the effect of spring defoliation of barley, triticale and wheat varieties at tillering and stem elongation stages and a no-cut (grain-based) system under low- and high-input management on yield and quality of forage, straw and grain. Overall, barley had greater (P<0.01) forage DM accumulation within the winter-spring season, relative to wheat and triticale with the exception of low-input system in 2014 when all cereal species and varieties had similar DM yield for both defoliation stages. Differences in straw yields favored barley over triticale and wheat for low-input system in 2014 (P < 0.09) but not 2015 and for high-input system for 2014 (P < 0.05) and 2015 (P < 0.07). Most frequently, cutting at stem elongation had the lowest total DM production. Similarly, grain yield was lower when cut at this stage for both years and input management systems. Total crude protein was greater in the systems with cut forages compared to the no-cut. Bioeconomic modelling indicated that growing cereals only for grain led to higher profits when the precipitation was lower than average, while DP management based on defoliation at tillering led to higher profits during an average year. Also cultivation of barley led to higher profits in all periods. The findings provide a convincing case for dual-purpose management of cereal forages both under low and high input systems for improved efficiency and profitability in croplivestock farming.
- In Arabian Peninsula - Enhancing livelihoods and food security through sustainable natural resource management (R4D)Author(s): Al-Aqil, Mansour Mohamed; Ouled Belgacem, Azaiez (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2017-11-01)Date: 2017-11-01Type: BriefStatus: Open accessSmallholder farmers in the Arabian Peninsula region face several constraints, including extreme aridity, limited water resources, erratic rainfall, salinization, and increased desertification due to wind and water erosion. The region’s growing population is increasing pressure on underground water supplies and continued dependence on imported food is undermining food security.
- Economic Impact of International and National Lentil Improvement Research in Developing CountriesAuthor(s): Aw-Hassan, Aden A.; Shideed, Kamel; Sarker, Ashutosh; Tutwiler, Richard; Erskine, William (CABI Publishing)Date: 2003-01-31Type: Book ChapterStatus: Timeless limited accessLentils, one of humanity’s oldest food crops, originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East (Webb and Hawtin, 1981). As a food, lentils provide valuable protein and, unlike several other food legumes, few anti-nutritional or toxic factors have been reported in lentils. They also require a comparatively short cooking time and are one of the most easily digested of pulses. Lentils may be consumed whole, decorticated and split, or ground into flour. Although lentils are mainly human food, they may occasionally be used to feed animals, particularly poultry. The straw and pod walls, residues from threshing, have a high feed value. The seed coats left after decortication are also considered a valuable feed and may contain up to 13% protein. Lentils are sometimes grown as a fodder with the whole plants being grazed green or cut and fed to livestock. They may also be ploughed in as a green manure. Although lentils are not a major food crop on a world scale, they are nevertheless important in certain countries. The wide range of uses of lentils and their by-products, coupled with their value in many farming systems, and ability to thrive on relatively poor soils and under adverse environmental conditions, has ensured their continued role as crop species.
- The Impact of International and National Investment in Barley Germplasm Improvement in the Developing CountriesAuthor(s): Aw-Hassan, Aden A.; Shideed, Kamel; Ceccarelli, Salvatore; Erskine, William; Grando, Stefania; Tutwiler, Richard (CABI Publishing)Date: 2003-01-31Type: Book ChapterStatus: Timeless limited accessBarley grain is used for animal feed, malt and food for human consumption. Archaeological evidence shows that barley was used in human food several thousand years ago (Bhatty, 1992). Although replaced by wheat and rice in modern times, barley still remains an important food grain in some developing countries, particularly in marginal areas where it may be the only viable crop. The annual per capita consumption of barley for the 1995–1997 period was estimated to be 41.0 kg in Morocco, 20.2 kg in Algeria, 16.2 kg in Iraq, 14.3 kg in Ethiopia, 9.4 kg in Tunisia and 6.1 kg in Kazakhstan (FAO, 2001). The most important use of barley grain is for animal feed. Barley straw is used as animal feed in West Asia, North Africa, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen, in the Andean region of South America and in the Far East. Barley stubble is grazed in summer in large areas of West Asia and North Africa. Barley is also used as animal feed at the vegetative stage (green grazing) or is cut before maturity and either directly fed to the animals or used for silage. Barley straw is also used for animal bedding and as cover material for hut roofs. Malting barley, the second largest use after feed, is grown as a cash crop in a number of developing countries.
- Modelling land-use decisions in production systems involving multiple crops and varietiesAuthor(s): Yigezu, Yigezu; Yirga, Chilot; Kassie, Girma; Aw-Hassan, Aden A. (The African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE))Date: 2018-09-01Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Open accessThis paper argues and provides empirical evidence that trade-offs and/or complementarities are inherent in technological options that shape the adoption of and land-use decisions in production systems involving multiple crops in Ethiopia. By applying a fractional response model to a nationally representative sample of 1 469 households, this paper found that, while there are tradeoffs in the land-use decisions regarding barley and potatoes, there are complementarities in the land-use decisions of their improved varieties. A striking result from this analysis is that the frequency of extension visits does not affect land allocation among crops and their improved varieties, which, in the light of the very high density of extension personnel in Ethiopia, shows the poor performance of the extension service delivery system. These results imply that the analysis of smallholder adoption decisions and agricultural technology targeting needs to consider all major crops in the farmers’ portfolio, and Ethiopia should consider overhauling its extension service delivery systems.
- Profitability Analysis of Zero Tillage among Smallholder Farm Households in the Karak Region of JordanAuthor(s): Akroush, Samia; Yigezu, Yigezu; Hadi, Omar Abed (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2015-12-01)Date: 2015-12-01Type: Working PaperStatus: Open accessThere is rich literature on the biophysical benefits of zero tillage (ZT) while that on its economic benefits, especially in the context of small and medium-scale farmers, is scanty. Using a combination of Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) models and a case study from a large project which promoted a number of technologies including zero tillage in the Karak region of Jordan, this study attempts to provide evidence on the profitability of ZT.
- Returns to Policy-Oriented Agricultural Research: The Case of Barley Fertilization in SyriaAuthor(s): Ahmed, Mohamed; Shideed, Kamel; Mazid, Ahmed (Elsevier: 24 months)Date: 2010-08-21Type: Journal ArticleStatus: Timeless limited accessIn 1984, ICARDA and its Syrian partners initiated farming systems research that led to a change in national fertilizer allocation policy. Evidence is assessed on the policy influence of the fertilizer-response research and on the impact of switching to a more inclusive policy that relaxed the government’s probation of fertilizer allocation to barley. Interviews with key informants make a persuasive case for attribution; estimates from economic surplus models are consistent with a high rate of return on investment in the policy-oriented research. This case study provides a contribution to the limited empirical literature on returns to research under policy distortions.
- Food, income, and livelihoods: Impact of new agricultural technologies in AfricaAuthor(s): ICARDA, Communication Team (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2008-06-03)Date: 2008-06-03Type: BriefStatus: Open accessEgypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and Yemen have a combined population of 195 million, of whom 72% live in rural areas. All four economies are largely agriculture-based; but most farmers use traditional crop varieties and farming practices, and operate at subsistence level. ICARDA is working with national research and extension agencies to develop and promote new farm technologies designed specifically for resource-poor smallholders. One project, supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), focuses on four key crops – wheat, faba bean, chickpea and lentil. It involves applied research as well as training and technology transfer, aiming to increase farm productivity and sustainability, and thereby improve food security, income and livelihoods of the rural poor. Has the project met its objectives? To find out, ICARDA and national research centers conducted a series of adoption and impact studies, interviewing over 900 households in the four countries. The studies clearly documented the impacts of the project on rural welfare. They also helped identify the factors driving adoption, and the technical, socio-economic and policy constraints that hinder the diffusion of new technologies.
- Fighting poverty: Impact of improved faba bean technologies in AfricaAuthor(s): ICARDA, Communication Team (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 2008-06-03)Date: 2008-06-03Type: BriefStatus: Open accessFaba bean is a key crop and a major source of dietary protein throughout North and North-east Africa. Demand is growing, fuelled by rapid population growth, and the gap between supply and demand continues to increase. Production is insufficient because crop yields are low, in turn because farmers grow varieties that are susceptible to plant diseases, insect pests, drought and high summer temperatures. In 2003, ICARDA launched an IFAD-funded project, Technology Generation and Dissemination for the Sustainable Production of Cereals and Cool-season Food Legumes. Scientists worked with farming communities, government research and extension agencies, universities and NGOs in four countries – Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and Yemen – to identify, test and promote a range of new technologies for various crops, including faba bean. The project concluded in 2005. Has the project made a difference? To find out, ICARDA and national research centers in each country jointly conducted a series of studies aiming to: • Assess the adoption of improved technologies; • Identify technical, socioeconomic, and policy constraints that hinder the adoption of new agricultural technologies in order to draw lessons for the future; • Assess the impacts (crop yields, food security, income, poverty) on rural households; Here we summarize the impact assessment for faba bean technologies in Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. The analysis is based on data collected from 587 households surveyed using stratified sampling and a formal questionnaire. Results for other crops are described in other titles in the Impact Brief series.
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